Feminism in South Korea vs the US

Heidi Jung

ย  โœย  Opinion

*See English version below*


ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?


ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ •์˜๋Š” โ€œthe theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexesโ€ (Merriam-Webster)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜๋ฌธ ์ •์˜๋Š” โ€œ์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑโ€์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋˜ํ•œ โ€œ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์—†์• ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ดโ€๋กœ ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ผ๋งฅ์ƒํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํ•ด์„์€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.


์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ์–‘๊ณผ ๋™์–‘์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์€ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1850๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์–‘์˜ (๋ณธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ) ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์€ 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฑ„ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ™” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ โ€œ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์œ„โ€๋Š” ์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์ผ“๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š”, Womenโ€™s March ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์˜ ํฐ ์‹œ์œ„๋ผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์•‰์•„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์นจ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ โ€œํ˜œํ™” ์‹œ์œ„โ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹œ์œ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ฒฉ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์š”ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์„œ์•ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” โ€œ์‹œ์œ„โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ


โ€œGirls Can Do Anything.โ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์„œ์–‘ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋กœ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜, ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹น๋‹นํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ–‰, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชธ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํŠธํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋”” ์ŠˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ƒ‰์†Œ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์™ธ๋ชจ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด โ€˜์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์ง€์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์  ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“  ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์„ฑ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์€ โ€˜ํƒˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด โ€œ์œ ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆผ" ๋˜๋Š” โ€œ์œ ๋ฐฉ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์˜ค์ผโ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค) ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, โ€œํƒˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€์€ ์„ฑํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ, ๊ธด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ†ค๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํƒˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€™ ์šด๋™์€ ํ˜„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ •ํ™”๋œ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ โ€œํƒˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฒ€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.

๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ โ€œGirls Can Do Anythingโ€๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ โ€˜ํƒˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์…‹โ€™์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ๋Œ€์กฐ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•  ๋• ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

What is Feminism?


The Merriam-Webster definition of Feminism is โ€œthe theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexesโ€. This definition in an English dictionary emphasizes the keyword โ€œequality of sexes,โ€ which can also be seen in a definition of a South Korean dictionary which (roughly translated)states, โ€œa belief that all sexual discriminations of political, economic, social, and cultural must disappear.โ€ Despite the dictionary definition conveying the same concept, each societyโ€™s interpretation of Feminism shows a significant difference.


Historically, Eastern and Western Feminism movements have varied in their length and style. Western Feminism movements โ€“ particularly in the United States โ€“ began their history in the 1850s. In contrast, the Eastern Feminism movement โ€“ of South Korea โ€“ started later, around the 1920s. While the length of history depicts the difference in the weight of how gender equality has been treated in two countries, the method or the style in those movements also displayed a huge difference. As Western culture often shows more radical and progressive movements when related to oneโ€™s rights, the Feminism movement also displayed a similar pattern. For example, when thinking about a โ€œFeminism Protestโ€ in the United States, it is easy to picture a loud protest marching down the streets with a picket supporting gender equality - such as the Womenโ€™s March. In comparison, South Koreaโ€™s recent protest had people silently sitting down on the road, called the Hyehwa Protest. While these two protests are aiming for the same purpose - to support womenโ€™s rights - the contrasting methods and approaches depict differences in how Feminism has been treated in the two countries. The United States, with more active protest, shows that Feminism has been a heavily discussed topic, whereas South Koreaโ€™s sitting protest shows that Feminism is only a newly rising topic. These two different images of the same action show how there is a cultural difference in the interpretations of Feminism.

Cultural Differences and the Impact of Perceptions


The familiar feminist slogan, โ€œGirls Can Do Anything,โ€ is one heard often in Western culture. It is common to see female singers, actresses, and everyday women proudly displaying their bodyโ€™s curves to support the right of females to look as they want to. Wearing tight bodysuits and fancy make-up has been considered as a type of empowerment in recent Feminist movements, claiming that there shouldnโ€™t be any restrictions when it comes to what females can do. Ironically, this idea of empowerment has been titled โ€œcorsetsโ€ in South Koreaโ€™s Feminist movements. Due to South Korean cultureโ€™s intense sexualization of female bodies, South Koreaโ€™s recent Feminism movement has been actively supporting the idea of โ€œoff corset.โ€ When talking about intense sexualization, examples can include advertisements of products such as โ€œnipple color brighteners,โ€ and โ€œbreast enlargement oils.โ€ To fight against this extreme sexualization on the female body, which objectifies them as sex dolls, the idea of โ€œoff corsetโ€ has been one of the most rising topics of feminist movements in South Korea. โ€œOff corsetโ€ fights against cosmetic surgery, make-up products, long hair, and tight clothes, which emphasize particular parts of the female body or show excessive skin. This extends to the idea of resisting soft tones and languages in daily conversations. While this โ€œoff corsetโ€ movement conveys its intention to de-objectify the female body from society and break the idea of โ€œwomanliness,โ€ it also ironically puts another corset on women, restricting them to wear the clothes or behave in a way that society perceives is right.

It is still vague where and how the future of feminist movements will follow. While these differences are unclear of what they are proceeding to, one thing is clear enough - this odd contrast between โ€œGirls Can Do Anythingโ€ and the โ€œOff Corsetโ€ shows a distinct cultural difference when it comes to interpreting the idea of Feminism and ultimately makes us question which path is the correct one, and whether if this is the new wave of feminism. Thus, it is necessary to acknowledge this cultural difference and consider them when having movements related to Feminism.


This article was written by Heidi Jung currently based in South Korea. Please reach out the author at hj1320@nyu.edu


Photo: Roya Ann Miller / Unsplash